{"id":85910,"date":"2026-03-14T10:07:43","date_gmt":"2026-03-14T10:07:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/green-athens.gr\/?p=85910"},"modified":"2026-03-24T14:42:05","modified_gmt":"2026-03-24T14:42:05","slug":"citrus-aurantium","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/green-athens.gr\/en\/citrus-aurantium\/","title":{"rendered":"Bitter Orange"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row unlock_row_content=&#8221;yes&#8221; row_height_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;3&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;3&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;3&#8243; back_image=&#8221;86289&#8243; kburns=&#8221;yes&#8221; overlay_color=&#8221;color-742106&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;80&#8243; overlay_color_blend=&#8221;multiply&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; top_divider=&#8221;fan-opacity&#8221; bottom_divider=&#8221;gradient&#8221; changer_back_color=&#8221;yes&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;181139&#8243; overlay_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221; row_name=&#8221;title&#8221;][vc_column column_width_percent=&#8221;80&#8243; position_horizontal=&#8221;left&#8221; position_vertical=&#8221;middle&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; style=&#8221;dark&#8221; font_family=&#8221;font-156269&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; align_medium=&#8221;align_left_tablet&#8221; medium_width=&#8221;0&#8243; align_mobile=&#8221;align_left_mobile&#8221; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_height=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;183356&#8243;][vc_message css_animation=&#8221;zoom-in&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;683576&#8243; message_color_type=&#8221;uncode-solid&#8221; message_color_solid=&#8221;rgba(91,210,234,0.68)&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1>Bitter Orange, Sour Orange, Seville Orange<\/h1>\n<p>[\/vc_message][uncode_list larger=&#8221;small&#8221; icon=&#8221;fa fa-tree&#8221; icon_color=&#8221;color-xsdn&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;top-t-bottom&#8221; animation_delay=&#8221;800&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;203895&#8243; icon_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Scientific name: <strong><em> Citrus \u00d7 aurantium<\/em> L.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Common name: <strong>Bitter Orange, Sour Orange, Seville Orange<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Order: <strong>Sapindales<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Family: <strong>Rutaceae<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Genus: <em><strong>Citrus<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<li>Endemic: <strong>Non endemic species<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Origin: <strong>Southeast Asia<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Global distribution: <strong>Found in countries of the Mediterranean and South America, in Florida, northeastern Australia, and southeast Asia<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Distribution in Greece: <strong>Present in many regions of Greece, with approximately 35,000 trees located in Athens<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Altitudinal range: <strong>0-500m (it has also been recorded at 800m in northeastern Australia)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/uncode_list][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_height_percent=&#8221;0&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; back_color=&#8221;color-xsdn&#8221; overlay_alpha=&#8221;100&#8243; equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; style=&#8221;inherited&#8221; row_name=&#8221;infos&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;143868&#8243; back_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;][vc_column column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; position_vertical=&#8221;middle&#8221; align_horizontal=&#8221;align_center&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; column_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;4&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; css_animation=&#8221;zoom-in&#8221; zoom_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_height=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;965594&#8243;][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][vc_accordion no_toggle=&#8221;yes&#8221; typography=&#8221;advanced&#8221; sign=&#8221;plus&#8221; sign_size=&#8221;sm&#8221; label_border=&#8221;yes&#8221; content_border=&#8221;yes&#8221; gutter_simple=&#8221;0&#8243; titles_font=&#8221;font-804447&#8243; titles_size=&#8221;fontsize-922434&#8243; titles_weight=&#8221;700&#8243; titles_height=&#8221;fontheight-161249&#8243; active_tab=&#8221;0&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;924928&#8243;][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;Ecosystem&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1771584718601-2-81771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;ecosystem&#8221;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;631197&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The species thrives in a warm climate with an optimal average annual temperature of 22\u00b0C-24\u00b0C, but it can survive temperatures up to 45\u00b0C, provided the soil is sufficiently watered. These trees are sensitive to cold periods. Exposure to temperatures as low as -4\u00b0C can cause significant damage to their growth. No particular soil composition is required if climatic conditions are ideal.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;Botanical description&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1771591735451-3-81771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;description&#8221;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;139535&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">(height, leaf arrangement, leaf shape, root system)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bitter orange trees are trees 3-10 m in height, with many branches and a round crown. Young shoots are angular and bear thin, short thorns. Older branches have thorns up to 8 cm long. The leaves are simple, alternate, dotted with glands, and aromatic when crushed. They have a petiole 2\u20133 cm long. The blade is broad, ovate to elliptical, 7-12 cm long and 4-7 cm wide. The species is evergreen, as its foliage is maintained throughout the year. The root system is branched. It extends to great depth, but also along the horizontal axis to a lesser degree, a fact that makes it strong and robust.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;Reproduction&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1771591801014-4-11771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;reproduction&#8221;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;950596&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">(flowering period, flowers, seeds)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The flowers of the species are axillary and hermaphroditic, meaning they possess male and female reproductive organs. They are large, white, and particularly aromatic. Flowering takes place from mid-Spring up to the beginning of Summer. The fruits of the trees are berries of a special form called hesperidia. They have a thick and rough peel, which is green while the fruits are unripe and acquires a dark orange color upon maturation. The ripening period of the fruits differs depending on the variety. Each fruit contains 10-15 seeds.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;Noteworthy characteristics&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1771591901860-5-01771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;characteristics&#8221;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;215522&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Trees of the species require minimal care, with which they can live up to 600 years. They closely resemble orange trees, a species that also belongs to the citrus family.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;Historical information&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1669205767-1-841771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;history&#8221;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;0&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;151656&#8243;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;161332&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The species Citrus \u00d7 aurantium was created during the hybridization of the species Citrus maxima (pomelo) and Citrus reticulata (mandarin). It originates from southeast Asia, with probable initial domestication in China and present-day Vietnam, while it is considered to have spread widely via commercial and cultural exchanges. The Arabs played a decisive role in the transport of the species to the Middle East in the 9th century and subsequently to the Mediterranean, where it was cultivated in Sicily as early as the 11th century and in Spain, particularly in Seville, from the 12th century. It was cultivated widely in Spain, Italy, and Greece. For centuries it constituted the only species of orange tree in Europe. From there it was transported to the New World in the 16th century, spread to the Caribbean, South America, and Florida, where it acclimatized and often grows wild. Today it is cultivated widely in tropical and subtropical regions globally, with a particular presence in India, China, Mediterranean countries, and the Americas, constituting an important agricultural, cultural, and economic plant.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the National Garden, bitter orange trees were planted by Queen Amalia, which arrived from Genoa along with other plants. The bitter orange grove was created gradually and was reinforced by later plantings by subsequent monarchs. Gradually, alongside the National Garden, the sidewalks of Athens also filled with bitter orange trees and their wonderful scent. During the Occupation, many of the trees were used by citizens for firewood, while the resistance fighter Iakovos Vagiakis recounts that German soldiers in 1941 cut bitter oranges from the city&#8217;s trees, likely thinking they were oranges, and ate them.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;Uses&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1669206843531-5-01771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;uses&#8221;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;170562&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Bitter Orange holds a long and multifaceted ethnobotanical significance, being widely used in diet medicine, perfumery, and folk traditions. The fruits and especially their peel are utilized for the preparation of marmalade, for \u201cspoon sweets\u201d (preserves), and to produce liqueurs (such as triple sec, neratzelo or neroli, Grand Marnier, Campari, and Cura\u00e7ao) and aromatic preparations. The essential oil from the peel, leaves, and flowers constitutes a basic ingredient of perfumes, teas (e.g., Earl Grey), and cosmetics. In traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine, as well as in Mediterranean folk medicine, the dried unripe fruits, leaves, and flowers are used for digestive disorders, as mild laxatives, tonics, and aromatics. At the same time, modern pharmacological and technological studies highlight the antimicrobial, antifungal, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and preservative properties of the essential oils; as such, it is utilized for the production of skin and hair care products, but also perfumes, reinforcing the importance of the species as a natural raw material in the food and herbal product industry.<\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>(Note: Ethnobotanical data regarding the medicinal uses of plants must be handled with caution, and their application should be carried out exclusively under medical supervision)<\/strong><\/span><\/em>.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;References&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1771600746693-6-41771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;references&#8221;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;621539&#8243; el_class=&#8221;micro-text&#8221;]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kew.org\">https:\/\/www.kew.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/plant-directory.ifas.ufl.edu\/plant-directory\/citrus-reticulata-syn-c-sinensis\/\">https:\/\/plant-directory.ifas.ufl.edu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldfloraonline.org\/taxon\/wfo-0000607909\">https:\/\/www.worldfloraonline.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sevilleoranges.com\/history-of-the-seville-orange-tree\/\">https:\/\/sevilleoranges.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/domnasamiou.gr\/song\/nerantzoyla-foyntomeni\/\">https:\/\/domnasamiou.gr\/song\/nerantzoyla-foyntomeni\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.greek-language.gr\/digitalResources\/literature\/tools\/concordance\/browse.html?text_id=1163&amp;hi=216268&amp;cnd_id=6\">https:\/\/www.greek-language.gr<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/kanellatou.gr\/el\/paradosiako\/peloponnese\/achaia\/na-cha-nerantzi.html\">https:\/\/kanellatou.gr<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Anwar, S., Ahmed, N., Speciale, A., Cimino, F., &amp; Saija, A. (2015). Bitter Orange (<em>Citrus aurantium<\/em> L.) Oils. In\u00a0<em>Elsevier eBooks<\/em>\u00a0(pp. 259\u2013268).\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/b978-0-12-416641-7.00029-8<\/li>\n<li>Bousse, V., &amp; Bousse, M. (2011). <em>Unpublished Letters of Queen Amalia to Her Father, 1836\u20131853<\/em>, Volume II. Estia.<\/li>\n<li>Duhamel du Monceau, M. (1801). \u201c<em>Trait\u00e9 des arbres et arbustes qui se cultivent en France en pleine terre<\/em>\u201d. Paris: Chez Didot ain\u00e9, Michel, et Lamy.<\/li>\n<li>Kaats, G. R., Miller, H., Preuss, H. G., &amp; Stohs, S. J. (2013). A 60 day double-blind, placebo-controlled safety study involving <em>Citrus aurantium<\/em> (bitter orange) extract.\u00a0<em>Food and Chemical Toxicology<\/em>,\u00a0<em>55<\/em>, 358\u2013362.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2013.01.013<\/li>\n<li>Koncz, D., T\u00f3th, B., Bahar, M. A., Roza, O., &amp; Csupor, D. (2022). The Safety and Efficacy of <em>Citrus aurantium<\/em> (Bitter Orange) Extracts and p-Synephrine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.\u00a0<em>Nutrients<\/em>,\u00a0<em>14<\/em>(19), 4019.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14194019<\/li>\n<li>Mejri, H., Wannes, W. A., Azeiz, S., Hammami, M., Hamdaoui, G., Dussault, C., Legault, J., &amp; Saidani-Tounsi, M. (2024). Phytochemical analysis, antiproliferative, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities of bitter orange <em>(Citrus aurantium <\/em>) leaf essential oil. <em>Plant Biosystems &#8211; an International Journal Dealing With All Aspects of Plant Biology<\/em>,\u00a0<em>158<\/em>(3), 408\u2013418.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/11263504.2024.2320127<\/li>\n<li>Papadopoulos, M. V. (1860). <em>New Athens, or a Concise Description of the Capital of Greece, Including Steamship Departures, Exchange Rates Between Greek and Foreign Currencies, Official Carriage Fares, etc.<\/em> Printed by P. A. Sakellariou.<\/li>\n<li>Pyrros, D. the Thessalian. (1838). <em>Practical Botany: Adapted to Medicine and Economy.<\/em> Athens: Angelos Angelidis Printing House.<\/li>\n<li>Stohs, S. J., Preuss, H. G., &amp; Shara, M. (2011). The Safety of <em>Citrus aurantium<\/em> (Bitter Orange) and its Primary Protoalkaloid p\u2010Synephrine. <em>Phytotherapy Research<\/em>, <em>25<\/em>(10), 1421\u20131428.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ptr.3490<\/li>\n<li>Stohs, S. J., Preuss, H. G., &amp; Shara, M. (2012). A Review of the Human Clinical Studies Involving <em>Citrus aurantium<\/em> (Bitter Orange) Extract and its Primary Protoalkaloid p-Synephrine. <em>International Journal of Medical Sciences<\/em>, <em>9<\/em>(7), 527\u2013538.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/ijms.4446<\/li>\n<li>Suryawanshi, J.A.S. (2011). An overview of <em>Citrus aurantium<\/em> used in treatment of various diseases. \u00a0<em>African Journal of Plant Science<\/em>, 5(7), 390-395<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_accordion_tab][\/vc_accordion][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row unlock_row_content=&#8221;yes&#8221; row_height_percent=&#8221;0&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;100&#8243; equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; style=&#8221;inherited&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;877269&#8243; back_color_type=&#8221;uncode-solid&#8221; back_color_solid=&#8221;#ffeece&#8221; row_name=&#8221;epoxes&#8221;][vc_column column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; position_vertical=&#8221;middle&#8221; align_horizontal=&#8221;align_center&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;4&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_height=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;332089&#8243;][vc_custom_heading text_color=&#8221;color-jevc&#8221; text_font=&#8221;font-804447&#8243; text_size=&#8221;fontsize-922434&#8243; text_space=&#8221;fontspace-781688&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;190858&#8243; text_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;]During each season you will see:[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_gallery el_id=&#8221;gallery-2&#8243; type=&#8221;css_grid&#8221; medias=&#8221;86295,86297,86299,86301&#8243; explode_albums=&#8221;yes&#8221; screen_lg_items=&#8221;3&#8243; screen_lg_breakpoint=&#8221;1000&#8243; screen_md_items=&#8221;2&#8243; screen_md_breakpoint=&#8221;600&#8243; screen_sm_items=&#8221;2&#8243; screen_sm_breakpoint=&#8221;480&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; css_grid_v_align=&#8221;bottom&#8221; css_grid_equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; media_items=&#8221;media|lightbox|original,title,caption&#8221; css_grid_images_size=&#8221;nine-sixteen&#8221; single_back_color=&#8221;color-rgdb&#8221; single_overlay_color=&#8221;color-jevc&#8221; single_overlay_coloration=&#8221;bottom_gradient&#8221; single_overlay_blend=&#8221;multiply&#8221; single_overlay_opacity=&#8221;70&#8243; single_overlay_visible=&#8221;yes&#8221; single_overlay_anim=&#8221;no&#8221; single_text_visible=&#8221;yes&#8221; single_text_anim=&#8221;no&#8221; single_image_anim=&#8221;no&#8221; single_h_align=&#8221;center&#8221; single_v_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; single_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; single_title_dimension=&#8221;h4&#8243; single_border=&#8221;yes&#8221; single_css_animation=&#8221;alpha-anim&#8221; lbox_title=&#8221;yes&#8221; lbox_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; no_double_tap=&#8221;yes&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;106957&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_height_percent=&#8221;0&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; back_image=&#8221;86291&#8243; overlay_color=&#8221;color-125592&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;70&#8243; overlay_color_blend=&#8221;multiply&#8221; equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; style=&#8221;inherited&#8221; row_name=&#8221;texni&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;116715&#8243; overlay_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;][vc_column column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; position_vertical=&#8221;middle&#8221; align_horizontal=&#8221;align_center&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; column_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; style=&#8221;dark&#8221; overlay_alpha=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;4&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_height=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;129785&#8243;][vc_custom_heading text_color=&#8221;color-xsdn&#8221; text_font=&#8221;font-804447&#8243; text_size=&#8221;fontsize-922434&#8243; text_space=&#8221;fontspace-781688&#8243; sub_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;447331&#8243; text_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;]References in \u0391rt[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;716024&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The tree has been depicted in a work by the botanist and painter Pierre-Joseph Redout\u00e9, one of the most respected botanical illustrators in history, and indeed has constituted the main subject in many other paintings. In the painting by Bartolomeo Bimbi, \u201cAgrumi\u201d (arance, bergamotti, cedri, limoni e lumie), all citrus fruits are presented. The painting was a commission by the Medici family. Bitter oranges are also presented in the painting \u201cSour Orange, Terrestrial Mollusk, and Larkspur\u201d by Joris Hoefnagel.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kostis Palamas, in his work \u201cThe City and Solitude, Fifth Book\u201d, writes about the \u201cunseen bitter orange blossoms in the garden\u201d, referring to the National Garden in his poem of the same name, while Kostas Karyotakis has written the poem \u201cBitter Orange Tree\u201d (Nerantzia), which belongs to his collection \u201cSongs for Children\u201d (1919-1922). George Seferis refers frequently to the bitter orange trees of Athens in his diaries (Days), where the scent of their flowers functions as an image of fleeting beauty within the urban landscape.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In Greek traditional music, the song of erotic content originating from Achaia, Peloponnese, \u201cNa &#8216;cha nerantzi\u201d (If I had a bitter orange), is recorded, as well as the Peloponnesian wedding song \u201cNerantzoula fountomeni\u201d (Bushy little bitter orange tree).<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_gallery el_id=&#8221;gallery-1&#8243; type=&#8221;carousel&#8221; medias=&#8221;86309,86307,86303,86648&#8243; carousel_lg=&#8221;3&#8243; carousel_md=&#8221;3&#8243; carousel_sm=&#8221;1&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; media_items=&#8221;media|lightbox|original,caption&#8221; carousel_v_align=&#8221;middle&#8221; carousel_interval=&#8221;3000&#8243; carousel_navspeed=&#8221;400&#8243; carousel_loop=&#8221;yes&#8221; 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single_overlay_color=&#8221;color-jevc&#8221; single_overlay_coloration=&#8221;bottom_gradient&#8221; single_overlay_blend=&#8221;multiply&#8221; single_overlay_opacity=&#8221;70&#8243; single_overlay_visible=&#8221;yes&#8221; single_overlay_anim=&#8221;no&#8221; single_text_visible=&#8221;yes&#8221; single_text_anim=&#8221;no&#8221; single_image_anim=&#8221;no&#8221; single_h_align=&#8221;center&#8221; single_v_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; single_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; single_title_dimension=&#8221;h4&#8243; single_border=&#8221;yes&#8221; single_css_animation=&#8221;alpha-anim&#8221; lbox_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; no_double_tap=&#8221;yes&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;115661&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row unlock_row_content=&#8221;yes&#8221; row_height_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;3&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;3&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;3&#8243; 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