{"id":86793,"date":"2026-03-17T13:22:08","date_gmt":"2026-03-17T13:22:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/green-athens.gr\/?p=86793"},"modified":"2026-03-24T14:29:24","modified_gmt":"2026-03-24T14:29:24","slug":"olea-europaea","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/green-athens.gr\/en\/olea-europaea\/","title":{"rendered":"European olive"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row unlock_row_content=&#8221;yes&#8221; row_height_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;3&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;3&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;3&#8243; back_image=&#8221;86819&#8243; kburns=&#8221;yes&#8221; overlay_color=&#8221;color-742106&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;80&#8243; overlay_color_blend=&#8221;multiply&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; top_divider=&#8221;fan-opacity&#8221; bottom_divider=&#8221;gradient&#8221; changer_back_color=&#8221;yes&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;962942&#8243; overlay_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221; row_name=&#8221;title&#8221;][vc_column column_width_percent=&#8221;80&#8243; position_horizontal=&#8221;left&#8221; position_vertical=&#8221;middle&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; style=&#8221;dark&#8221; font_family=&#8221;font-156269&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; align_medium=&#8221;align_left_tablet&#8221; medium_width=&#8221;0&#8243; align_mobile=&#8221;align_left_mobile&#8221; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_height=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;183356&#8243;][vc_message css_animation=&#8221;zoom-in&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;146674&#8243; message_color_type=&#8221;uncode-solid&#8221; message_color_solid=&#8221;rgba(91,210,234,0.68)&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1>European olive<\/h1>\n<p>[\/vc_message][uncode_list larger=&#8221;small&#8221; icon=&#8221;fa fa-tree&#8221; icon_color=&#8221;color-xsdn&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;top-t-bottom&#8221; animation_delay=&#8221;800&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;156370&#8243; icon_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Scientific name: <strong><em> Olea europ\u03b1ea<\/em> L.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Common name: <strong>Olive, European olive<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Order: <strong>Lamiales<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Family: <strong>Oleaceae<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Genus: <em><strong>Olea<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<li>Endemic: <strong>No<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Origin: <strong>East Mediterranean, Southwest Asia<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Global distribution: <strong>Mediterranean, Middle East and Eastern Africa. It has been introduced to U.S. states, Argentina, and Korea<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Distribution in Greece: <strong>Throughout mainland Greece and the islands<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Altitudinal range: <strong>0-700m<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/uncode_list][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_height_percent=&#8221;0&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; back_color=&#8221;color-xsdn&#8221; overlay_alpha=&#8221;100&#8243; equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; style=&#8221;inherited&#8221; row_name=&#8221;infos&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;143868&#8243; back_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;][vc_column column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; position_vertical=&#8221;middle&#8221; align_horizontal=&#8221;align_center&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; column_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;4&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; css_animation=&#8221;zoom-in&#8221; zoom_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_height=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;965594&#8243;][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][vc_accordion no_toggle=&#8221;yes&#8221; typography=&#8221;advanced&#8221; sign=&#8221;plus&#8221; sign_size=&#8221;sm&#8221; label_border=&#8221;yes&#8221; content_border=&#8221;yes&#8221; gutter_simple=&#8221;0&#8243; titles_font=&#8221;font-804447&#8243; titles_size=&#8221;fontsize-922434&#8243; titles_weight=&#8221;700&#8243; titles_height=&#8221;fontheight-161249&#8243; active_tab=&#8221;0&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;924928&#8243;][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;Ecosystem&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1771584718601-2-81771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;ecosystem&#8221;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;197948&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is classified as a \u201cPhanerophyte (P)\u201d, and its habitat includes \u201cWoodlands and scrub(W)\u201d and \u201cXeric Mediterranean Phrygana and grasslands (P)\u201d. It is also found on dry rocky slopes.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;Botanical description&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1771591735451-3-81771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;description&#8221;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;134361&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">(height, leaf arrangement, leaf shape, root system)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The species Olea europaea has seven natural subspecies. The subspecies O. europaea subsp. europaea includes the cultivated olive (var. sativa) and the wild olive (var. sylvestris). The two varieties can be distinguished by the size of their fruit, which is larger in the cultivated olive. It is an evergreen tree or shrub that rarely exceeds 15 meters in height. The trunk is usually grey, curved, knotty, and twisted. The leaves are opposite, leathery, lanceolate, 4 to 10 centimeters long and 1 to 3 centimeters wide, dark green on the upper surface and silvery on the underside, which is covered with numerous tiny hairs.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;Reproduction&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1771591801014-4-11771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;reproduction&#8221;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;158157&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">(flowering period, flowers, seeds)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The flowers of the olive tree are whitish and very small (3\u20134 millimeters), forming a raceme inflorescence, and they appear toward the end of May. The fruit is a drupe, elliptical or spherical, 1 to 4 centimeters long, dark violet, black, or yellowish-green in color, with a fleshy pericarp and a woody endocarp. It ripens and is harvested in late autumn and early winter. The species is propagated mainly vegetatively by cuttings, suckers, or grafting. Seed germination can occur, but at low rates due to the hard, woody endocarp surrounding the seed.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;Noteworthy characteristics&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1771591901860-5-01771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;characteristics&#8221;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;505587&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The wild olive was likely domesticated as early as the Neolithic period, around 6,000 years ago. Olive oil extraction has been recorded during the Minoan and Mycenaean periods, and it constituted an essential source of wealth for Athens during the time of Pericles.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;Historical information&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1669205767-1-841771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;history&#8221;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;0&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;151656&#8243;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;131643&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The history of the olive tree is inextricably linked to the evolution of organized human societies. Paleobotanical evidence, including pollen analysis, fossilized leaves, and charcoal remains, indicates that wild progenitors of the olive (Olea europaea var. sylvestris) existed as early as the Upper Miocene and Pliocene epochs (approximately 20\u20135 million years ago). Furthermore, the presence of olive pollen grains has been documented in Eastern Mediterranean sediments dating back to the Pleistocene. Regarding human interaction, archaeobotanical data suggest the harvesting of wild fruits as early as the Neolithic period (7th\u20136th millennium BCE). Systematic cultivation and domestication are generally situated within the 4th\u20133rd millennium BCE, with compelling evidence originating from the Fertile Crescent (Levant), Crete, and Cyprus. By the Minoan and Mycenaean eras (2nd millennium BCE), olive cultivation was highly organized, and olive oil constituted a primary commercial commodity, as evidenced by Linear B tablets and storage pithoi (large jars). Olive branches have been discovered in Pharaonic tombs, while its cultivation is documented in papyri dating to approximately 1550 BCE. In the Hebraic tradition, the olive symbolized peace, while its oil was considered sacred, utilized for the anointing of kings (the anointed ones). Moreover, its fruits were among the promised blessings to the people of Israel upon reaching Canaan, the Promised Land. Herodotus also attests to its abundance in Assyria in his first book.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Theophrastus provides detailed descriptions of the olive\u2019s morphological characteristics: its narrow leaves with distinct upper and lower surfaces, the small and \u201cinconspicuous\u201d flower, and the drupaceous fruit with a lignified endocarp (stone). He emphasizes the tree&#8217;s regenerative capacity\u2014even following severe damage\u2014its adaptability to diverse environments, and the physical properties of its wood, which is dense and durable. Pliny the Elder further notes that the olive tree can live for up to two hundred years, a fact that reinforces its symbolism of stability. Vitruvius records that olive wood, due to its resilience, was employed in foundations and structural elements. This is corroborated by Homer, who describes the nuptial bed of Odysseus and Penelope as being constructed around the living trunk of an olive tree. Aristotle treats olive cultivation as a significant economic activity, while Varro describes sophisticated techniques for planting, propagation, and processing. According to Cicero, mythological tradition attributes the discovery of olive oil production to Aristaeus, son of Apollo. Cicero also cites the example of Thales of Miletus, who secured financial profit by predicting a bountiful olive harvest, illustrating the intersection of knowledge and the economic exploitation of nature. Furthermore, as Plutarch reports, Solon legislated the spatial arrangement of olive groves to maximize yield and prohibited the felling of more than two trees per year in any single grove.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The olive held a central position in the ancient Greek world, both in religious praxis and daily life. In mythology, it is presented as Athena\u2019s gift to Athens\u2014a symbol of wisdom, peace, and prosperity. According to the myth recounted by Plutarch, Athena planted the first olive tree on the Acropolis, prevailing over Poseidon in their contest for the patronage of the city. This tree was considered the \u201cprimordial\u201d olive of Athens; tradition holds that all other sacred olives in the city were propagated via cuttings from this original tree (Herodotus, Cicero). During the Persian invasion of 480 BCE, the sacred olive of the Acropolis was incinerated, yet Herodotus reports it miraculously sprouted anew from the trunk. Even in the 2nd century CE, Pausanias claims to have witnessed this same sacred tree. References to this &#8220;immortal&#8221; olive are found in Euripides\u2019 Ion and The Trojan Women, while Sophocles, in the words of Antigone, alludes to the sanctity of Athens where \u201claurels, olives, and vines grow thick\u201d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sacred olive trees were known as \u201c\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03b9-moriae\u201d and were strictly protected. The term moriae likely derives from the Greek word \u201c\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u201d &#8211; morion (part\/segment), implying that the olives of Attica were offshoots of the original sacred tree. The first moria was that of the Acropolis, followed by the twelve olives of the Academy and those surrounding Athenian temples. Initially, the felling of a moria was a capital offense; later, the penalty was commuted to exile and confiscation of property. Sophocles uses the epithet \u201c\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03cc\u03c2 &#8211; paidotrophos\u201d (nurturer of children\/the young), suggesting that all subsequent trees originated from the first, confirming the spread of the cultivar through human intervention.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The olive was also a supreme symbol of victory. Plutarch notes that citizens and benefactors were honored with olive wreaths, which were also awarded in military and athletic contests. The kotinos\u2014a wreath made from the wild olive tree (\u201ckallistefanos\u201d)\u2014was the prize at the Olympic and Heraean Games. According to Pausanias, the kallistefanos was the first olive transplanted to Olympia by Hercules. At the Panathenaic Games, victors received amphorae filled with oil from the sacred Athenian olives.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The tree\u2019s significance extended beyond Athens. King Anius of Delos had daughters\u2014Oeno, Spermo, and Ela\u00efs\u2014who possessed the divine power to transform goods into wine, grain, or oil, respectively. Finally, the olive was utilized in political institutions: in Syracuse, Diodorus Siculus mentions \u201cpetalism\u201d, where olive leaves were used instead of potsherds for ostracism. In 4th-century Athens, Aeschines describes \u201c\u03b5\u03ba\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 &#8211; ekphyllophoria\u201d, a similar process where olive leaves were used to expel unjust members from the Council (Boule).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Numerous olive trees in Greece, such as the Orsa olive in the island of Salamis, the Vouves olive in Crete, and the Krania olive in Cephalonia, have survived for over a millennium. Notable among them was the \u201cPlato\u2019s Olive Tree\u201d in the area of the Academy of Athens, which, despite a lack of direct historical documentation, became synonymous with the Athenian philosopher in the public consciousness. Although its monumental trunk\u2014measuring six meters in circumference\u2014sustained severe damage following a bus collision in 1976, this historic relic is preserved today within a specialized display at the Agricultural University of Athens.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;Uses&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1669206843531-5-01771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;uses&#8221;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;147115&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Homer describes Odysseus&#8217;s use of olive oil on the island of the Phaeacians for cleansing and rejuvenation following his wanderings. Similarly, Athenaeus observes variations based on the type of olive: green, black, processed, and even &#8220;kolymbades&#8221; (olives preserved in brine) were attributed distinct gastronomic and medicinal values. These values pertained to effects on digestion, the alleviation of cephalalgia (heaviness in the head), and the soothing of the intestinal tract. Plutarch notes that simple dietary staples, such as bread with olives, constituted sufficient nourishment and that a small quantity of olives could restore the appetite of convalescing patients. Furthermore, the extant works of Hippocrates document more than 60 pharmaceutical and medical applications for olive oil.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dioscorides distinguishes between the wild olive (oleaster) and the cultivated olive tree. The wild olive, referred to by some as \u201ck\u00f3tinos\u201d and by others as the \u201cEthiopian olive\u201d, is considered by Dioscorides to be the most potent and efficacious remedy in its class. Its leaves exhibit potent astringent properties, rendering them ideal for treating dermatological conditions such as herpes, carbuncles, and paronychia. Its juice is employed in the treatment of aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) and ophthalmic conditions, while the ash from its branches is compared in potency to zinc oxide for ocular care. Additionally, its oil is regarded as an excellent remedy for headaches, hair loss, and the retardation of premature graying.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Conversely, the cultivated olive possesses therapeutic properties similar to those of the wild olive but is characterized by a milder potency, making it preferable for sensitive areas such as the eyes. The liquid secreted by green olive wood during combustion is considered effective against scabies, dandruff, and lichen. Of particular interest is the use of the fruit as a poultice for skin incisions, as well as the application of the endocarp (the kernel); when pulverized and mixed with fat and flour, it was used to treat and facilitate the shedding of infected (leprous) nails.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In contemporary practice, all components of the tree\u2014fruit, leaves, seeds, and oil\u2014are traditionally utilized in nutrition and folk medicine. The fruit, and particularly olive oil, forms the foundation of the Mediterranean diet, being rich in phenolic compounds (such as oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol) with potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cardioprotective effects. In traditional medicine, leaf extracts are used to regulate blood glucose levels, combat infections, and enhance immune defense. Modern pharmacological studies confirm their antidiabetic, anticancer, and immunomodulatory properties. Furthermore, olive oil is utilized in cosmetology and dermatology for protection against oxidative stress, while by-products (olive mill waste, leaves) are repurposed as functional foods, supplements, or integrated into circular economy practices.<\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>(Note: Ethnobotanical data regarding the medicinal uses of plants must be handled with caution, and their application should be carried out exclusively under medical supervision)<\/strong><\/span><\/em>.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;References&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1771600746693-6-41771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;references&#8221;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;418215&#8243; el_class=&#8221;micro-text&#8221;]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AC\">https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AC<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Al-Snafi, A. E. (2023). The nutritional and therapeutic importance of <em>Olea europaea<\/em>\u2014A review. <em>TMR Integrative Medicine<\/em>, <em>7<\/em>, Article e23030. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53388\/TMRIM202307030\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53388\/TMRIM202307030<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Aristotle, <em>\u201cPolitics\u201d<\/em>, 1259a<\/li>\n<li>Athenaeus, <em>\u201cDeipnosophistae\u201d<\/em>, 1.44, 2.47, 2.56, 2.77, 4.7, 4.10, 7.28, 7.102, 12.60, 14.52, 14.59, 14.68<\/li>\n<li>Baumann, H. (1993). <em>The Greek plant world in myth, art and literature<\/em> (P. Brousalis, Trans.; 2nd ed.). Hellenic Society for the Protection of Nature. (Original work published 1982)<\/li>\n<li>Bonfils, F. (1870\u20131889). <em>186 Olivier du jardin de Geths\u00e9manie J\u00e9rusalem<\/em> [Photograph]. Palestine and Syria Collection, Dorot Jewish Division, The New York Public Library, New York, NY, United States.<\/li>\n<li>Christodoulakis, N. S., &amp; Gargeraki, K. E. (2023). <em>Plant stories with a scent of Greece<\/em> (2nd ed., rev.). Broken Hill Publishers Ltd.<\/li>\n<li>Cicero, <em>\u201cDe divinatione\u201d<\/em>, 1.111<\/li>\n<li>Cicero, <em>\u201cDe legibus\u201d<\/em>, 1.2<\/li>\n<li>Cicero, <em>\u201cDe natura deorum\u201d<\/em>, 3.45, 3.87<\/li>\n<li>Dimopoulos, P., Raus, T., Bergmeier, E., Constantinidis, T., Iatrou, G., Kokkini, S., Strid, A., &amp; Tzanoudakis, D. (2013). <em>Vascular plants of Greece: An annotated checklist<\/em>. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem; Hellenic Botanical Society. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3372\/en.31\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3372\/en.31<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Eichberger, C., Sigl, M., &amp; R\u00fchfel, H. (2007). Trees and shrubs on classical Greek vases. <em>Bocconea<\/em>, <em>21<\/em>, 117\u2013130.<\/li>\n<li>Elhrech, H., Aguerd, O., El Kourchi, C., Gallo, M., Naviglio, D., Chamkhi, I., &amp; Bouyahya, A. (2024). Comprehensive review of <em>Olea europaea<\/em>: A holistic exploration into its botanical marvels, phytochemical riches, therapeutic potentials, and safety profile. <em>Biomolecules<\/em>, <em>14<\/em>(6), 722. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom14060722\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom14060722<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Euripides, <em>\u201cIon\u201d<\/em>, 1430<\/li>\n<li>Euripides, <em>\u201cTroades\u201d<\/em>, v. 799<\/li>\n<li>Hashmi, M. A., Khan, A., Hanif, M., Farooq, U., &amp; Perveen, S. (2015). Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of <em>Olea europaea<\/em> (Olive). <em>Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine<\/em>, <em>2015<\/em>, Article 541591. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/541591\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/541591<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Herodotus, <em>\u201cHistories\u201d<\/em>, Book I (Clio), 193 and Book VIII (Urania), v. 55<\/li>\n<li>Homer, <em>\u201cOdyssey\u201d<\/em>, 6.215, 9.320, 23.190<\/li>\n<li>Martial, <em>\u201cEpigrammata\u201d<\/em>, 7.31<\/li>\n<li>Michaux, F. A., Nuttall, T., &amp; Smith, J. J. (1865). <em>The North American sylva; or, A description of the forest trees of the United States, Canada and Nova Scotia<\/em>. Rice, Rutter &amp; Co.<\/li>\n<li>Ovid, <em>\u201cMetamorphoses\u201d<\/em>, 6.70, 6.83, 7.251, 7.501, 8.262, 11.266<\/li>\n<li>Ovid, <em>\u201cTristia\u201d<\/em>, 4.10.93<\/li>\n<li>Pausanias, <em>\u201cDescription of Greece\u201d<\/em>, 5.15.3<\/li>\n<li>Pausanias, <em>\u201cDescription of Greece\u201d<\/em>, Attica, 22.2<\/li>\n<li>Pindar, <em>\u201cOlympian Odes\u201d<\/em>, 3.1<\/li>\n<li>Pliny the Elder, <em>\u201cNaturalis Historia\u201d<\/em>, 12.3, 15.5, 16.90<\/li>\n<li>Plutarch, <em>\u201cLife of Alcibiades\u201d<\/em>, 11.1<\/li>\n<li>Plutarch, <em>\u201cLife of Solon\u201d<\/em>, 12.6, 23.6<\/li>\n<li>Plutarch, <em>\u201cLife of Themistocles\u201d<\/em>, 17.1, 19.3<\/li>\n<li>Plutarch, <em>\u201cLife of Theseus\u201d<\/em>, 22.5<\/li>\n<li>Plutarch, <em>\u201cMoralia (De tranquillitate animi)\u201d<\/em>, 3<\/li>\n<li>Plutarch, <em>\u201cMoralia (Praecepta gerendae reipublicae)\u201d<\/em>, 820c<\/li>\n<li>Plutarch, <em>\u201cMoralia (Quaestiones convivales)\u201d<\/em>, 648b, 687b, 703b, 735c<\/li>\n<li>Plutarch, <em>\u201cParallel Lives\u201d<\/em>, ch. 23, 6<\/li>\n<li>Sophocles, <em>\u201cOedipus at Colonus\u201d<\/em>, v. 25 and 704<\/li>\n<li>Sophocles, <em>\u201cOedipus Rex\u201d<\/em>, 1<\/li>\n<li>Theophrastus, <em>\u201cHistoria Plantarum\u201d<\/em>, 1.9.2, 1.10.1, 1.10.3, 1.11.1, 1.11.3, 1.13.1, 2.1.3, 2.3.2, 2.5.8, 4.4.8, 4.13.3, 4.14.8, 4.16.1, 5.3.5, 5.3.10, 5.4.4, 5.7.7<\/li>\n<li>Varro, <em>\u201cRerum rusticarum libri\u201d<\/em>, 1.4.1, 1.7.1, 1.40.1, 1.55.5, 1.60.1, 1.66.1<\/li>\n<li>Virgil, <em>\u201cAeneid\u201d<\/em>, 5.286, 5.485, 7.148, 8.102, 11.100<\/li>\n<li>Virgil, <em>\u201cGeorgics\u201d<\/em>, 2.9<\/li>\n<li>Vitruvius, <em>\u201cDe architectura\u201d<\/em>, 1.5.3, 3.4.2, 7.3.1<\/li>\n<li>Wilson N.G. <em>\u2018\u2019Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece\u2019\u2019<\/em> p. 512-514<br \/>\nXenophon, <em>\u201cAnabasis\u201d<\/em>, 7.1.37<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_accordion_tab][\/vc_accordion][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row unlock_row_content=&#8221;yes&#8221; row_height_percent=&#8221;0&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;100&#8243; equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; style=&#8221;inherited&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;877269&#8243; back_color_type=&#8221;uncode-solid&#8221; back_color_solid=&#8221;#ffeece&#8221; row_name=&#8221;epoxes&#8221;][vc_column column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; position_vertical=&#8221;middle&#8221; align_horizontal=&#8221;align_center&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;4&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_height=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;332089&#8243;][vc_custom_heading text_color=&#8221;color-jevc&#8221; text_font=&#8221;font-804447&#8243; text_size=&#8221;fontsize-922434&#8243; text_space=&#8221;fontspace-781688&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;126206&#8243; text_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;]During each season you will see:[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_gallery el_id=&#8221;gallery-2&#8243; type=&#8221;css_grid&#8221; medias=&#8221;86824,86826,86828,86830&#8243; explode_albums=&#8221;yes&#8221; screen_lg_items=&#8221;3&#8243; screen_lg_breakpoint=&#8221;1000&#8243; screen_md_items=&#8221;2&#8243; screen_md_breakpoint=&#8221;600&#8243; screen_sm_items=&#8221;2&#8243; screen_sm_breakpoint=&#8221;480&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; css_grid_v_align=&#8221;bottom&#8221; css_grid_equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; media_items=&#8221;media|lightbox|original,title,caption&#8221; css_grid_images_size=&#8221;nine-sixteen&#8221; single_back_color=&#8221;color-rgdb&#8221; single_overlay_color=&#8221;color-jevc&#8221; single_overlay_coloration=&#8221;bottom_gradient&#8221; single_overlay_blend=&#8221;multiply&#8221; single_overlay_opacity=&#8221;70&#8243; single_overlay_visible=&#8221;yes&#8221; single_overlay_anim=&#8221;no&#8221; single_text_visible=&#8221;yes&#8221; single_text_anim=&#8221;no&#8221; single_image_anim=&#8221;no&#8221; single_h_align=&#8221;center&#8221; single_v_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; single_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; single_title_dimension=&#8221;h4&#8243; single_border=&#8221;yes&#8221; single_css_animation=&#8221;alpha-anim&#8221; lbox_title=&#8221;yes&#8221; lbox_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; no_double_tap=&#8221;yes&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;194901&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_height_percent=&#8221;0&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; back_image=&#8221;86819&#8243; overlay_color=&#8221;color-125592&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;70&#8243; overlay_color_blend=&#8221;multiply&#8221; equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; style=&#8221;inherited&#8221; row_name=&#8221;texni&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;109069&#8243; overlay_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;][vc_column column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; position_vertical=&#8221;middle&#8221; align_horizontal=&#8221;align_center&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; column_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; style=&#8221;dark&#8221; overlay_alpha=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;4&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_height=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;129785&#8243;][vc_custom_heading text_color=&#8221;color-xsdn&#8221; text_font=&#8221;font-804447&#8243; text_size=&#8221;fontsize-922434&#8243; text_space=&#8221;fontspace-781688&#8243; sub_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;114426&#8243; text_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;]References in \u0391rt[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;309635&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The olive tree appears consistently in works of art since antiquity. In Egypt, wall paintings of olive branches are depicted as offerings on the walls of the temple of Aten. The Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh created paintings themed around the olive tree, while the Greek poet Kostis Palamas praised the olive in his poem of the same name. Olive-branch motifs also frequently appear in the decoration of objects in many Mediterranean countries.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_gallery el_id=&#8221;gallery-1&#8243; type=&#8221;carousel&#8221; medias=&#8221;86832,86834,86836,86838,86840,86842,86844,86846,86848,86850&#8243; carousel_lg=&#8221;3&#8243; carousel_md=&#8221;3&#8243; carousel_sm=&#8221;1&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; media_items=&#8221;media|lightbox|original,caption&#8221; carousel_v_align=&#8221;middle&#8221; carousel_interval=&#8221;3000&#8243; carousel_navspeed=&#8221;400&#8243; carousel_nav=&#8221;yes&#8221; carousel_nav_mobile=&#8221;yes&#8221; carousel_nav_skin=&#8221;dark&#8221; stage_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; single_back_color=&#8221;color-rgdb&#8221; single_overlay_color=&#8221;color-jevc&#8221; single_overlay_coloration=&#8221;bottom_gradient&#8221; single_overlay_blend=&#8221;multiply&#8221; single_overlay_opacity=&#8221;70&#8243; single_overlay_visible=&#8221;yes&#8221; single_text_visible=&#8221;yes&#8221; single_image_anim=&#8221;no&#8221; single_h_align=&#8221;center&#8221; single_v_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; single_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; single_title_dimension=&#8221;h4&#8243; single_border=&#8221;yes&#8221; single_css_animation=&#8221;alpha-anim&#8221; lbox_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; no_double_tap=&#8221;yes&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;119894&#8243;][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row unlock_row_content=&#8221;yes&#8221; row_height_percent=&#8221;0&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;4&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; back_color=&#8221;color-xsdn&#8221; overlay_alpha=&#8221;100&#8243; equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; style=&#8221;inherited&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;779492&#8243; back_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221; 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medias=&#8221;86858,86860,86852,86854,86856&#8243; explode_albums=&#8221;yes&#8221; screen_lg_items=&#8221;3&#8243; screen_lg_breakpoint=&#8221;1000&#8243; screen_md_items=&#8221;2&#8243; screen_md_breakpoint=&#8221;600&#8243; screen_sm_items=&#8221;2&#8243; screen_sm_breakpoint=&#8221;480&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; css_grid_v_align=&#8221;bottom&#8221; css_grid_equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; media_items=&#8221;media|lightbox|original,caption&#8221; css_grid_images_size=&#8221;nine-sixteen&#8221; single_back_color=&#8221;color-rgdb&#8221; single_overlay_color=&#8221;color-jevc&#8221; single_overlay_coloration=&#8221;bottom_gradient&#8221; single_overlay_blend=&#8221;multiply&#8221; single_overlay_opacity=&#8221;70&#8243; single_overlay_visible=&#8221;yes&#8221; single_overlay_anim=&#8221;no&#8221; single_text_visible=&#8221;yes&#8221; single_text_anim=&#8221;no&#8221; single_image_anim=&#8221;no&#8221; single_h_align=&#8221;center&#8221; single_v_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; single_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; single_title_dimension=&#8221;h4&#8243; single_border=&#8221;yes&#8221; single_css_animation=&#8221;alpha-anim&#8221; lbox_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; no_double_tap=&#8221;yes&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;108400&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row unlock_row_content=&#8221;yes&#8221; row_height_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;3&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;3&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;3&#8243; back_image=&#8221;86819&#8243; kburns=&#8221;yes&#8221; overlay_color=&#8221;color-742106&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;80&#8243; overlay_color_blend=&#8221;multiply&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; top_divider=&#8221;fan-opacity&#8221; bottom_divider=&#8221;gradient&#8221; changer_back_color=&#8221;yes&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;962942&#8243; [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":86820,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[101],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>European olive - \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u039a\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 - \u039c\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03a0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf \u0391.\u0395.<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/green-athens.gr\/en\/olea-europaea\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"European olive - \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 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