{"id":86998,"date":"2026-03-17T15:30:28","date_gmt":"2026-03-17T15:30:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/green-athens.gr\/?p=86998"},"modified":"2026-03-23T10:57:27","modified_gmt":"2026-03-23T10:57:27","slug":"quercus-coccifera","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/green-athens.gr\/en\/quercus-coccifera\/","title":{"rendered":"Kermes oak"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row unlock_row_content=&#8221;yes&#8221; row_height_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;3&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;3&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;3&#8243; back_image=&#8221;87001&#8243; kburns=&#8221;yes&#8221; overlay_color=&#8221;color-742106&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;80&#8243; overlay_color_blend=&#8221;multiply&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; top_divider=&#8221;fan-opacity&#8221; bottom_divider=&#8221;gradient&#8221; changer_back_color=&#8221;yes&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;410578&#8243; overlay_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221; row_name=&#8221;title&#8221;][vc_column column_width_percent=&#8221;80&#8243; position_horizontal=&#8221;left&#8221; position_vertical=&#8221;middle&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; style=&#8221;dark&#8221; font_family=&#8221;font-156269&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; align_medium=&#8221;align_left_tablet&#8221; medium_width=&#8221;0&#8243; align_mobile=&#8221;align_left_mobile&#8221; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_height=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;183356&#8243;][vc_message css_animation=&#8221;zoom-in&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;145223&#8243; message_color_type=&#8221;uncode-solid&#8221; message_color_solid=&#8221;rgba(91,210,234,0.68)&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1>Kermes oak<\/h1>\n<p>[\/vc_message][uncode_list larger=&#8221;small&#8221; icon=&#8221;fa fa-tree&#8221; icon_color=&#8221;color-xsdn&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;top-t-bottom&#8221; animation_delay=&#8221;800&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;310330&#8243; icon_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Scientific name: <strong><em> Quercus coccifera<\/em> L.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Common name: <strong>Kermes oak, Palestine oak<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Order: <strong>Fagales<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Family: <strong>Fagaceae<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Genus: <em><strong>Quercus<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<li>Endemic: <strong>No<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Origin: <strong>Mediterranean<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Global distribution: <strong>Mediterranean except for Egypt and Israel<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Distribution in Greece: <strong>Almost throughout Greece at altitudes up to 900 meters, and in Crete up to 1600 meters<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Altitudinal range: <strong>0 \u2013 1,200 (1800) m<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/uncode_list][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_height_percent=&#8221;0&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; back_color=&#8221;color-xsdn&#8221; overlay_alpha=&#8221;100&#8243; equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; style=&#8221;inherited&#8221; row_name=&#8221;infos&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;143868&#8243; back_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;][vc_column column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; position_vertical=&#8221;middle&#8221; align_horizontal=&#8221;align_center&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; column_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;4&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; css_animation=&#8221;zoom-in&#8221; zoom_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_height=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;965594&#8243;][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][vc_accordion no_toggle=&#8221;yes&#8221; typography=&#8221;advanced&#8221; sign=&#8221;plus&#8221; sign_size=&#8221;sm&#8221; label_border=&#8221;yes&#8221; content_border=&#8221;yes&#8221; gutter_simple=&#8221;0&#8243; titles_font=&#8221;font-804447&#8243; titles_size=&#8221;fontsize-922434&#8243; titles_weight=&#8221;700&#8243; titles_height=&#8221;fontheight-161249&#8243; active_tab=&#8221;0&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;924928&#8243;][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;Ecosystem&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1771584718601-2-81771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;ecosystem&#8221;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;121259&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It mainly grows in shrublands and rocky slopes with dry, poor, and calcareous soils. It is a drought-resistant species, capable of surviving in areas with limited moisture and intense sunlight, utilizing a deep and extensive root system for water uptake. It often forms pure shrub stands or grows mixed with other typical Mediterranean species such as Quercus ilex (holm oak), Juniperus spp. (juniper), Olea europaea (olive), , and Ceratonia siliqua (carob). Ecologically, it is a species of great importance for preventing erosion and contributes to maintaining the biodiversity of Mediterranean maquis vegetation. It is also frequently found in uncultivated fields or at the edges of cultivated areas, where it acts as a natural barrier and protects the landscape from degradation.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;Botanical description&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1771591735451-3-81771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;description&#8221;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;874212&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">(height, leaf arrangement, leaf shape, root system)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is an evergreen, hard-leaved oak species, usually appearing as a shrub 1 to 6 meters high, while more rarely developing into a small tree (maximum height 20 meters). Its bark is gray-brown, initially smooth, but over time becomes scaly or fissured, especially on the trunk and older branches. The leaves are simple, thick, and leathery, arranged alternately, measuring 1\u20135 cm in length and 0.5\u20132.8 cm in width. Their margins are toothed or, more rarely, smooth, with an acute or obtuse apex and a usually rounded or slightly cordate base. The petiole is short, usually less than 5 mm. The veins are not particularly prominent, and the leaf surface is glossy and smooth, adapted to the dry and hot conditions of the Mediterranean climate. The plant has a strong root system, allowing it to withstand drought and resprout after fires or mechanical damage, a characteristic that makes it highly resilient and well adapted to the Mediterranean environment.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;Reproduction&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1771591801014-4-11771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;reproduction&#8221;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;173799&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">(flowering period, flowers, seeds)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The flowers are unisexual, with the male flowers forming catkins that grow at the tips of young branches, while the female flowers appear singly or in pairs in the leaf axils. Pollination is carried out by wind. After fertilization, the fruits develop, which are acorns, either single or in pairs. The cup has a diameter of 1\u20133 cm and a length of 1\u20132.5 cm, usually covering more than half the length of the acorn, and is glabrous or slightly hairy, with scales loose or strongly curved outward. The nut measures 1.5\u20133 (up to 3.5) cm in length and 0.8\u20131.5 cm in diameter, with a dull brown color and a densely hairy endocarp. The species propagates via seeds that germinate directly in the soil, while the plant also has the capacity for asexual reproduction through shoots from the root or base of the trunk, enabling effective regeneration after disturbances such as fires or cutting.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;Noteworthy characteristics&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1771591901860-5-01771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;characteristics&#8221;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;965704&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is one of the most characteristic evergreen species of the Mediterranean flora, distinguished for its exceptional resistance to dry and harsh environmental conditions. It is highly tolerant to drought and overgrazing, as it has hard, spiny leaves that protect it from herbivorous animals. It also exhibits strong regenerative capacity, sprouting easily after fires, thereby contributing to ecosystem restoration and soil erosion prevention.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;Historical information&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1669205767-1-841771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;history&#8221;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;0&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;151656&#8243;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;146909&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Quercus coccifera belongs to an ancient evolutionary lineage that occurs in the Mediterranean already since the Oligocene period and constituted a fundamental component of Mediterranean ecosystems long before the establishment of modern Mediterranean climates. The morphological and genetic differences between western and eastern populations reflect historical migrations and expansions after the glaciations, with simultaneous differentiation of adaptations to different environments, such as rocky areas and forests. Human activities, such as logging, grazing, and fires, altered the height and form of the plant, leading to the creation of low shrubs. The long-term coexistence of humans and Quercus coccifera created an ecological and cultural interaction: human management practices enhanced the species\u2019 spread and regeneration, while the plant served as a source of raw materials and fodder. Quercus coccifera is historically associated with the adaptability of Mediterranean ecosystems and highlights the importance of human intervention in shaping its current geographical and genetic distribution. Theophrastus described in detail its small, spiny leaves, while its wood was particularly valuable due to its durability and hardness. Quercus coccifera was also used for observing natural signs. Theophrastus noted that when it produced a good yield of acorns, people believed continuous storms would follow, while excessive fruiting indicated a harsh winter, and in some cases, this phenomenon was also associated with forthcoming droughts. The fact that Quercus coccifera can retain its fruit for two years, with the new fruit maturing simultaneously with the previous ones, made the tree important also for animal feeding, such as pigs that fed on the acorns. The name of the species derives from the red grains formed by the larvae of the Kermes vermilio insect on its leaves, where they develop and reproduce. Since antiquity, the nymphs of this insect were collected and used to produce the natural red dye \u201ckermes,\u201d which had great cultural and commercial value, being used in fabrics, garments, and manuscripts.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;Uses&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1669206843531-5-01771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;uses&#8221;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;109118&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Quercus coccifera was used for the construction of wheel axles, tools, and heavy wooden structures, as its wood resists wear. Additionally, its resistance to heat and moisture made it suitable for use in infrastructures requiring long-term durability.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Furthermore kermes oak has extensive ethnobotanical and medicinal uses, as all parts of the plant, leaves, roots, bark, and fruits, contain bioactive compounds with diverse applications. The roots are used to prepare extracts rich in phenolic compounds such as gallic acid, caffeic acid, fumaric acid, catechin, and oleic acid, which exhibit significant antioxidant activity and antimicrobial protection against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi. Extracts from the leaves and acorns have high contents of gallic acid derivatives and flavonoids, enhancing their antioxidant activity and providing cardioprotective benefits. From the bark and shoots, novel secondary metabolites with biological activity have been isolated. Traditional uses of the plant include preparations for medicinal purposes, e.g., against inflammation and microbial infections, as well as animal fodder and human food (acorns). The acorns themselves have medicinal value, being used as astringents, while shepherds utilize them for feeding goats and other livestock. Today, Quercus coccifera is also cultivated as an ornamental plant, often planted in parks and along streets, due to its durability and aesthetic value.<\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>(Note: Ethnobotanical data regarding the medicinal uses of plants must be handled with caution, and their application should be carried out exclusively under medical supervision)<\/strong><\/span><\/em>.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;References&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1771600746693-6-41771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;references&#8221;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;619277&#8243; el_class=&#8221;micro-text&#8221;]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>https:\/\/powo.science.kew.org\/taxon\/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:295963-1<\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/fr\/species\/194078\/80567725<\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/www.euforgen.org\/species\/quercus-coccifera<\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/www.treesandshrubsonline.org\/articles\/quercus\/quercus-coccifera\/<\/li>\n<li>Dimopoulos, P., Raus, T., Bergmeier, E., Constantinidis, T., Iatrou, G., Kokkini, S., Strid, A., &amp; Tzanoudakis, D. (2013). <em>Vascular plants of Greece: An annotated checklist<\/em>. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem; Hellenic Botanical Society. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3372\/en.31\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3372\/en.31<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Duhamel du Monceau, H.-L. (1755). <em>Trait\u00e9 des arbres et arbustes qui se cultivent en France en pleine terre<\/em>. Chez H.L. Guerin &amp; L.F. Delatour.<\/li>\n<li>Karao\u011ful, E., &amp; Alma, M. H. (2024). Exploring phenolic diversity in <em>Quercus coccifera<\/em> L. roots: HPLC-DAD profiling and mathematical optimization through response surface methodology. <em>International Journal of Current Naturalscience and Advanced Phytochemistry<\/em>, <em>4<\/em>(1). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ijcnap.com\/index.php\/pub\/article\/view\/25\">https:\/\/www.ijcnap.com\/index.php\/pub\/article\/view\/25<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Karao\u011ful, E., Kirecci, E., &amp; Alma, M. H. (2016). Determination of phenolic compounds from Turkish kermes oak (<em>Quercus coccifera<\/em> L.) roots by high performance liquid chromatography; its antimicrobial activities. <em>Fresenius Environmental Bulletin<\/em>, <em>25<\/em>(7), 2356\u20132363.<\/li>\n<li>Linnean Society of London. &amp; Linnean Society of London. (1791).\u00a0<em>Transactions of the Linnean Society of London<\/em>\u00a0(Vol. 23). [The Society], 1791-1875.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/86346\">https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/86346<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Margaris, N. (2000). Flowers in Greek mythology. <em>Acta Horticulturae<\/em>, <em>541<\/em>, 23\u201329. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17660\/actahortic.2000.541.1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17660\/actahortic.2000.541.1<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Molina-Garc\u00eda, L., Mart\u00ednez-Exp\u00f3sito, R., Fern\u00e1ndez-de C\u00f3rdova, M. L., &amp; Llorent-Mart\u00ednez, E. J. (2018). Determination of the phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of leaves and fruits of Spanish <em>Quercus coccifera<\/em>. <em>Journal of Chemistry<\/em>, <em>2018<\/em>, Article 2573270. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/2573270\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/2573270<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u00d6zt\u00fcrk, M., &amp; Altay, V. (2021). Role of <em>Quercus coccifera<\/em> (= <em>Q. calliprinos<\/em>) in the light of climate change. <em>Plant &amp; Fungal Research<\/em>, <em>4<\/em>(2), 8\u201320. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30546\/2664-5297.2021.4.2.2\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30546\/2664-5297.2021.4.2.2<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u015e\u00f6hreto\u011flu, D., Kuru\u00fcz\u00fcm-Uz, A., Simon, A., Pat\u00f3cs, T., &amp; D\u00e9k\u00e1ny, M. (2014). New secondary metabolites from <em>Quercus coccifera<\/em> L. <em>Records of Natural Products<\/em>, <em>8<\/em>(4), 323\u2013329.<\/li>\n<li>Thanos, C. A. (2005). Theophrastus on oaks. <em>Botanika Chronika<\/em>, <em>18<\/em>(1).<\/li>\n<li>Theophrastus, \u201cEnquiry into Plants\u201d, 3.4.3, 3.16.1-3, 4.15.2, 5.5.3<\/li>\n<li>Toumi, L., &amp; Lumaret, R. (2010). Genetic variation and evolutionary history of holly oak: A circum-Mediterranean species-complex (<em>Quercus coccifera<\/em> L.\/<em>Q. calliprinos<\/em>). <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution<\/em>, <em>290<\/em>(1\u20134), 159\u2013171. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00606-010-0358-2\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00606-010-0358-2<\/a><br \/>\nTsiouvaras, C. N. (1987). Ecology and management of kermes oak (<em>Quercus coccifera<\/em> L.) shrublands in Greece: A review. <em>Journal of Range Management<\/em>, <em>40<\/em>(6), 542\u2013546.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_accordion_tab][\/vc_accordion][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row unlock_row_content=&#8221;yes&#8221; row_height_percent=&#8221;0&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;5&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;4&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;4&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;100&#8243; equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; style=&#8221;inherited&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;103155&#8243; back_color_type=&#8221;uncode-solid&#8221; back_color_solid=&#8221;#ffeece&#8221; row_name=&#8221;epoxes&#8221;][vc_column column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; position_vertical=&#8221;middle&#8221; align_horizontal=&#8221;align_center&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;4&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_height=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;192322&#8243;][vc_custom_heading text_color=&#8221;color-jevc&#8221; text_font=&#8221;font-804447&#8243; text_size=&#8221;fontsize-922434&#8243; text_space=&#8221;fontspace-781688&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;171301&#8243; text_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;]During each season you will see:[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][vc_row_inner row_inner_height_percent=&#8221;0&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;130855&#8243;][vc_column_inner column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; align_horizontal=&#8221;align_center&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;0&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;152585&#8243;][vc_custom_heading text_color=&#8221;color-jevc&#8221; heading_semantic=&#8221;h3&#8243; text_font=&#8221;font-804447&#8243; text_size=&#8221;&#8221; text_space=&#8221;fontspace-781688&#8243; sub_lead=&#8221;yes&#8221; sub_reduced=&#8221;yes&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;196663&#8243; text_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221; subheading=&#8221;Leaves, flowers,<br \/>\nonset of young fruit formation&#8221; text_color_solid=&#8221;#ff0000&#8243;]SPRING[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; align_horizontal=&#8221;align_center&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;0&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;232205&#8243;][vc_custom_heading text_color=&#8221;color-jevc&#8221; heading_semantic=&#8221;h3&#8243; text_font=&#8221;font-804447&#8243; text_size=&#8221;&#8221; text_space=&#8221;fontspace-781688&#8243; sub_lead=&#8221;yes&#8221; sub_reduced=&#8221;yes&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;108031&#8243; text_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221; subheading=&#8221;Leaves, flowers,<br \/>\nimmature fruit&#8221; text_color_solid=&#8221;#ff0000&#8243;]SUMMER[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; align_horizontal=&#8221;align_center&#8221; 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shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;0&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;114872&#8243;][vc_custom_heading text_color=&#8221;color-jevc&#8221; heading_semantic=&#8221;h3&#8243; text_font=&#8221;font-804447&#8243; text_size=&#8221;&#8221; text_space=&#8221;fontspace-781688&#8243; sub_lead=&#8221;yes&#8221; sub_reduced=&#8221;yes&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;163146&#8243; text_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221; subheading=&#8221;Leaves,<br \/>\nfew fruit&#8221; text_color_solid=&#8221;#ff0000&#8243;]WINTER[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_height_percent=&#8221;0&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; back_image=&#8221;87001&#8243; overlay_color=&#8221;color-125592&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;70&#8243; overlay_color_blend=&#8221;multiply&#8221; equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; style=&#8221;inherited&#8221; row_name=&#8221;texni&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;119271&#8243; overlay_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;][vc_column column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; position_vertical=&#8221;middle&#8221; align_horizontal=&#8221;align_center&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; column_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; style=&#8221;dark&#8221; overlay_alpha=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;4&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_height=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;129785&#8243;][vc_custom_heading text_color=&#8221;color-xsdn&#8221; text_font=&#8221;font-804447&#8243; text_size=&#8221;fontsize-922434&#8243; text_space=&#8221;fontspace-781688&#8243; sub_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;192888&#8243; text_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;]References in \u0391rt[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;168265&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The species is depicted in botanical illustrations from the 19th century onwards.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_gallery el_id=&#8221;gallery-1&#8243; type=&#8221;carousel&#8221; medias=&#8221;87005,87007&#8243; carousel_lg=&#8221;3&#8243; carousel_md=&#8221;3&#8243; carousel_sm=&#8221;1&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; media_items=&#8221;media|lightbox|original,caption&#8221; carousel_v_align=&#8221;middle&#8221; carousel_interval=&#8221;3000&#8243; carousel_navspeed=&#8221;400&#8243; carousel_nav=&#8221;yes&#8221; carousel_nav_mobile=&#8221;yes&#8221; 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