{"id":88313,"date":"2026-03-27T19:06:07","date_gmt":"2026-03-27T19:06:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/green-athens.gr\/?p=88313"},"modified":"2026-03-28T14:18:42","modified_gmt":"2026-03-28T14:18:42","slug":"taxus-baccata","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/green-athens.gr\/en\/taxus-baccata\/","title":{"rendered":"European yew"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row unlock_row_content=&#8221;yes&#8221; row_height_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;3&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;3&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;3&#8243; back_image=&#8221;88343&#8243; overlay_color=&#8221;color-742106&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;80&#8243; overlay_color_blend=&#8221;multiply&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; top_divider=&#8221;fan-opacity&#8221; bottom_divider=&#8221;gradient&#8221; changer_back_color=&#8221;yes&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;191533&#8243; overlay_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221; row_name=&#8221;title&#8221;][vc_column column_width_percent=&#8221;80&#8243; position_horizontal=&#8221;left&#8221; position_vertical=&#8221;middle&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; style=&#8221;dark&#8221; font_family=&#8221;font-156269&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; align_medium=&#8221;align_left_tablet&#8221; medium_width=&#8221;0&#8243; align_mobile=&#8221;align_left_mobile&#8221; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_height=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;183356&#8243;][vc_message css_animation=&#8221;zoom-in&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;152706&#8243; message_color_type=&#8221;uncode-solid&#8221; message_color_solid=&#8221;rgba(91,210,234,0.68)&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1>European yew<\/h1>\n<p>[\/vc_message][uncode_list larger=&#8221;small&#8221; icon=&#8221;fa fa-tree&#8221; icon_color=&#8221;color-xsdn&#8221; css_animation=&#8221;top-t-bottom&#8221; animation_delay=&#8221;800&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;351284&#8243; icon_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Scientific name: <strong><em> Taxus baccata<\/em> L.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Common name: <strong>Yew, Common yew, European yew, English yew<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Order: <strong>Pinales<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Family: <strong>Taxaceae<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Genus: <em><strong>Taxus<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<li>Endemic: <strong>No<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Origin: <strong>Europe<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Global distribution: <strong>Throughout Europe and in Algeria, Morocco, Iran, Turkey, Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. It has also been introduced to Madeira and New York<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Distribution in Greece: <strong>Mainland Greece and the islands of Samothraki, Thasos, and Euboea. The stands formed by the species in Greece are classified under the priority habitat type of Directive 92\/43\/EEC: \u201cMediterranean forests with Taxus baccata (9580*)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Altitudinal range: <strong>1-2,500 m<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/uncode_list][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_height_percent=&#8221;0&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; back_color=&#8221;color-xsdn&#8221; overlay_alpha=&#8221;100&#8243; equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; style=&#8221;inherited&#8221; row_name=&#8221;infos&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;143868&#8243; back_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;][vc_column column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; position_vertical=&#8221;middle&#8221; align_horizontal=&#8221;align_center&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; column_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;4&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; css_animation=&#8221;zoom-in&#8221; zoom_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_height=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;965594&#8243;][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][vc_accordion no_toggle=&#8221;yes&#8221; typography=&#8221;advanced&#8221; sign=&#8221;plus&#8221; sign_size=&#8221;sm&#8221; label_border=&#8221;yes&#8221; content_border=&#8221;yes&#8221; gutter_simple=&#8221;0&#8243; titles_font=&#8221;font-804447&#8243; titles_size=&#8221;fontsize-922434&#8243; titles_weight=&#8221;700&#8243; titles_height=&#8221;fontheight-161249&#8243; active_tab=&#8221;0&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;924928&#8243;][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;Ecosystem&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1771584718601-2-81771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;ecosystem&#8221;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;276294&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is classified as a \u201cPhanerophyte (P)\u201d, and its habitat includes \u201cWoodlands and scrub (W).\u201d It mainly grows under semi-closed stands of deciduous broadleaf trees, such as beech. Large trees can also develop in more open areas. It prefers cool slopes with calcareous substrates and it is also often found in mixed forests with conifers or on rocky slopes. Its northern distribution limits are determined by its sensitivity to frost. Its toxicity prevents grazing by cattle and sheep, although hares and deer can consume it due to partial resistance to its toxic alkaloids.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;Botanical description&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1771591735451-3-81771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;description&#8221;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;643956&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">(height, leaf arrangement, leaf shape, root system)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">An evergreen, dioecious tree that can reach an age of 400\u2013600 years, with some trees dated at 5,000 years. Its height usually ranges from 10 to 20 m (rarely up to 28 m), with a trunk diameter of up to 2 m (exceptionally up to 4 m). The crown is initially broad conical or pyramidal and becomes irregular with age. The bark is thin, reddish-brown, with a scaly texture that peels off in small strips. The leaves are needle-like, flat, 1 to 4 cm long and 2 to 3 mm wide, dark green on the upper surface, with two greenish-yellow parallel stomatal lines on the underside. They are arranged spirally, but their bases twist to form characteristic two rows along the shoots. The spiral arrangement is more evident on young shoots. All parts of the plant, except for the red fleshy pericarp surrounding the seed, are toxic.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;Reproduction&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1771591801014-4-11771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;reproduction&#8221;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;138134&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">(flowering period, flowers, seeds)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A dioecious species, with separate male and female individuals, although it sometimes exhibits monoecy or even sex change over time. Male flowers form spherical cones 3\u20136 mm in diameter, which produce and release pollen in early spring. Female cones are modified and bear only one seed, partially surrounded by a bright red, soft, fleshy covering known as the aril. The aril, which is the only non-toxic part of the plant, matures 6 to 9 months after fertilization and attracts birds, which feed on it and disperse the hard seeds through their droppings. Although the aril is sweet and edible, the seeds remain bitter and poisonous. The plant can easily resprout from roots, cut, or even hollow trunks, giving it remarkable resilience and longevity.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;Noteworthy characteristics&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1771591901860-5-01771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;characteristics&#8221;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;194302&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">All parts of the plant, except for the fleshy red aril surrounding the seed, are poisonous and contain numerous alkaloids capable of causing death even in small quantities. Male plants produce abundant pollen in spring and are considered highly allergenic.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;Historical information&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1669205767-1-841771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;history&#8221;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;0&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;151656&#8243;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;607861&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In ancient Greek mythology, yew was dedicated to the Furies, and the goddess Artemis used arrows dipped in its poison. Theophrastus refers to the species as \u201cmilo\u201d or \u201csmilo,\u201d noting its preference for the coolness of mountains, shade, and its evergreen character and slow growth. Euripides uses the term \u201cmilaki\u201d in his work Bacchae. Several scholars argue that this refers to yew under its common name at the time, while others dispute it. If Euripides indeed referred to yew, then the species\u2019 first recorded mention would predate previous assumptions by more than a century. Yew was considered the sacred tree of the chthonic goddess Hecate, a unique figure of the Greek pantheon who, although rooted in the time of the Titans, continued to be revered even after the rise of the Olympian gods. In Hesiod\u2019s Theogony, the earliest reference to Hecate appears, describing her powers over sky, sea, and earth. Hecate was attributed with multiple roles: protector of homes and entrances, magic, crossroads, spirits, and knowledge of poisonous and medicinal plants. Her largest sanctuary was in Laginia, Asia Minor, but her most devoted followers were the witches of Thessaly, directly linking the goddess to magic (Burkert, p.171). During her ceremonies, yew wreaths were placed around the necks of black bulls sacrificed, and the plant\u2019s branches were burned at funerals (Suffness, p.28). The Greek name of the plant, taxos, from which the scientific name Taxus is derived, is associated with the words \u201ctoxon\u201d (bow) and \u201ctoxikon\u201d (poison), as its wood was suitable for making bows and all parts of the plant were used for poisons (Suffness, p.28). Yew was also linked to other deities. The Furies used its poison to punish the impious, while Artemis used arrows soaked in yew, as Homer mentions in the Iliad, where she killed the children of Niobe. Artemis was worshiped in a yew forest on Mount Artemisium in Arcadia. Today, these forests have significantly declined, mainly due to the overexploitation of the plant\u2019s wood, which is hard, beautiful, and suitable for carpentry (Bauman, pp.50\u201351). The oldest wooden tool discovered to date is a 400,000-year-old spear made from yew wood in England, while Paleolithic excavations in Swiss lakes revealed yew bows and knives. In the Middle Ages, its wood was highly prized for making bows and crossbows, leading to extensive logging of the species. One of the oldest yews recorded, and among the oldest living organisms in Europe, is the Fortingall yew in Scotland, with a trunk diameter of 16\u201317 m. Its age is estimated at 5,000 years, although dating the species is challenging, with other estimates ranging from 1,500 to 9,500 years.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The yew tree stands as a symbolic sentinel with an uninterrupted presence from antiquity to the modern era. As early as the 4th century BCE, Theophrastus described it as an erect, evergreen tree characterized by slow growth, resembling the silver fir but of lower stature, with denser branching and lustrous, coriaceous leaves. The \u201cFather of Botany\u201d noted the species&#8217; preference for the cool, shaded environments of mountainous regions and highlighted a remarkable geographical variation in its timber: in Arcadia, the wood appears black or red, whereas on Mount Ida in Crete, it exhibits a vibrant yellow hue. The similarity of the latter to juniper (Juniperus) was so pronounced that contemporary merchants often defrauded buyers by misrepresenting it as cedarwood.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the works of Aristophanes and Virgil, the yew is situated within temperate landscapes, associated with springtime or cool winds. However, in the poetry of Ovid, the tree acquires a somber, chthonic dimension, inextricably linked to the Underworld. This symbolic weight is reinforced by its association with the goddess Hecate, for whom the yew was sacred; during rituals in her honor, yew wreaths were placed upon black bulls intended for sacrifice, while its branches were traditionally burned at funerals. Its divine associations extend to Artemis, who was worshipped in yew groves on Mount Artemision in Arcadia, and to the Furies (Erinyes), who purportedly employed its toxicity to punish the impious. A significant philological debate surrounds Euripides&#8217; The Bacchae, which mentions the term \u201cmilax kallikarpos\u201d (\u00ab\u03bc\u03af\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c0\u1ff3\u00bb). If, as several scholars contend, this refers to the yew, the first recorded mention of the species would be predated by more than a century before Theophrastus.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A central characteristic of the tree is its systemic toxicity. Nicander warned of its lethal asphyxiant properties, while Pliny the Elder documented fatalities resulting even from the use of its wood. These attributes facilitated its integration into pharmacology and folk traditions as a potent poison. Indeed, the Greek etymology of the genus Taxus is linked to the words toxon (bow) and toxikon (toxin\/poison), underscoring that its timber provided the raw material for bows, while its extracts served as the source for poisoned projectiles.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The pragmatic value of the yew is corroborated by world-class archaeological evidence. This includes a 200,000-year-old thrusting spear discovered in Clacton, England, and \u00d6tzi the Iceman, the famous Chalcolithic mummy of the Alps (3400\u20133100 BCE), who carried an unfinished yew longbow. In the Celtic world, particularly ancient Ireland, the yew held a dual status as both a practical resource and a sacred entity. It was revered as a symbol of life and death, associated with immortality due to its exceptional longevity, and integrated into the Ogham alphabet, where the letter \u201cI\u2019 (Idad\/Iuin) corresponded to the yew. In Norse mythology, the abode of the bow-god Ullr was named \u00dddalir (Yew Dales).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">During the Middle Ages, the demand for longbows and crossbows precipitated an ecological crisis. Since British yew was often too knotty for high-performance weaponry, timber was imported from Spain and Italy for the renowned English longbows (notably used at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415). In Tyrol, logging for export to England was so intensive that the species faced localized extinction. By the 16th century, royal decrees mandated its mass exploitation, rendering it rare. Nevertheless, many specimens were preserved within ecclesiastical grounds. Whether because Christian churches were constructed upon pre-existing pagan sacred sites where yews flourished, or because they were intentionally planted, the tree maintained a unique cultural continuity.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Today, the yew is considered a living relic of European history. The International Conifer Conservation Programme (ICCP) works to safeguard its genetic diversity through initiatives such as the \u201cYew Hedge\u201d at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. A preeminent example of longevity remains the Fortingall Yew in Scotland; with a trunk diameter of 16\u201317 meters, its age is estimated at 5,000 years (with some estimates reaching 9,500 years), making it one of the oldest living organisms in Europe. Similarly, Greece hosts its own venerable specimen on Mount Beles, estimated to be 1,074 years old.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;Uses&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1669206843531-5-01771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;uses&#8221;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;180152&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The yew tree (Taxus baccata) has been extensively utilized throughout human history, owing to the exceptional mechanical properties of its timber and its distinct phytochemical profile. Its wood\u2014characterized by density, durability, and elasticity\u2014exhibits remarkable resistance to decay. Historically, these attributes rendered it the primary material for the fabrication of weaponry, specifically longbows and spears, earning it the epithet \u201cthe tree of war\u201d. Notably, during the Middle Ages, yew timber was a strategic commodity, with significant quantities exported from Switzerland to England for bow-making. Beyond ballistic applications, its wood was employed in the manufacture of musical instruments, tools, liturgical objects, and cooperage, as well as in fine furniture, parquet flooring, and intricate woodcarvings. However, the biological constraint of its slow growth rate has historically limited its large-scale commercial exploitation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In addition to its technical utility, the yew is distinguished by its profound toxicity, present in all parts of the plant except for the fleshy red aril. This pharmacological property was historically exploited for the production of poisoned arrows and was implicated in documented cases of homicide and suicide. Concurrently, the species maintained a significant socio-cultural and symbolic role; it was frequently established in churchyards, cemeteries, and communal spaces, becoming inextricably linked with ritualistic practices, local assemblies, and folk traditions. In the contemporary era, its cultivation persists primarily for ornamental purposes in landscaped gardens and necropolises, favored for its dense, evergreen foliage.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Furthermore, Taxus baccata exhibits a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. Since antiquity, it has been integrated into ethnomedicine for the treatment of conditions such as rheumatism and arthritis. Traditional extracts derived from its needles and wood have served as bronchodilators, antipyretics, expectorants, and anti-inflammatory agents, providing therapeutic support for respiratory ailments and infections. In modern pharmacology, its primary value lies in its alkaloid content. While certain taxine alkaloids exhibit cardiotoxic effects, Paclitaxel (Taxol), isolated from the bark and needles\u2014constitutes a potent chemotherapeutic agent. It functions by stabilizing microtubules, thereby inhibiting mitosis and suppressing cancer cell proliferation. Additionally, the flavonoids concentrated in the needles possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal properties, while the essential oils derived from its shoots demonstrate significant antimicrobial efficacy.<\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>(Note: Ethnobotanical data regarding the medicinal uses of plants must be handled with caution, and their application should be carried out exclusively under medical supervision)<\/strong><\/span><\/em>.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; title=&#8221;References&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1771600746693-6-41771656793597&#8243; slug=&#8221;references&#8221;][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;110601&#8243; el_class=&#8221;micro-text&#8221;]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/powo.science.kew.org\/taxon\/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:306036-2\">https:\/\/powo.science.kew.org\/taxon\/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:306036-2<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/species\/42546\/95808896\">https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/species\/42546\/95808896<\/a><\/li>\n<li><em>Aristophanes. \u201cClouds\u201d,<\/em> l. 1000.<\/li>\n<li><em>Bauman, H. (1993). &#8220;The Greek flora in myth, art, and literature&#8221; (P. Brousalis, Trans.; 2nd ed.). Hellenic Society for the Protection of Nature.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Burkert, W. (1987). <em>Greek religion: Archaic and classical<\/em>. Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-15624-0.<\/li>\n<li>Delahunty, J. L. (2002). <em>Religion, war, and changing landscapes: An historical and ecological account of the yew tree (Taxus baccata L.) in Ireland<\/em> [Doctoral dissertation, University of Florida]. UFDC Institutional Repository.<\/li>\n<li>Delahunty, J. L. (2007). The ethnobotanical history and Holocene extent of yew (<em>Taxus baccata<\/em> L.) on the Irish landscape. <em>Journal of Ethnobiology<\/em>, <em>27<\/em>(2), 204\u2013217.<\/li>\n<li>Dimopoulos P., Raus Th., Bergmeier E., Constantinidis Th., Iatrou G., Kokkini S., Strid A. &amp; Tzanoudakis D. 2013: Vascular plants of Greece: An annotated checklist. \u2013 Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem; Athens: Hellenic Botanical Society. \u2013 Englera 31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3372\/en.31<\/li>\n<li><em>Euripides, \u201cBacchae\u201d <\/em>l. 108.<\/li>\n<li>Gardner, M., Christian, T., Hinchcliffe, W., &amp; Cubey, R. (2019). Conservation hedges \u2013 modern-day arks. <em>Sibbaldia: The International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture<\/em>, (17), 71\u2013100. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24823\/Sibbaldia.2019.263\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24823\/Sibbaldia.2019.263<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Lee, M. R. (1998). The yew tree (<em>Taxus baccata<\/em>) in mythology and medicine. <em>Proceedings of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 28<\/em>(4), 569\u2013588. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/147827159802800418\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/147827159802800418<\/a><\/li>\n<li><em>Lucan, \u201cPharsalia\u201d,<\/em> 6. 760<\/li>\n<li><em>Nicander, \u201cAlexipharmaca\u201d,<\/em> l. 610<\/li>\n<li><em>Ovid \u201cMetamorphoses\u201d, <\/em>4.432<\/li>\n<li><em>Pliny the Elder, \u201cNaturalis Historia\u201d <\/em>16.20.1<\/li>\n<li>Sharma, A., Sharma, A., Thakur, S., Mutreja, V., &amp; Bhardwaj, G. (2022). A brief review on phytochemistry and pharmacology of <em>Taxus baccata<\/em> L. <em>Materials Today: Proceedings, 48<\/em>(5), 1569\u20131574. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.09.468\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.09.468<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Spindler, K. (1994). <em>Der Mann im Eis<\/em>. Goldmann Verlag.<\/li>\n<li>Suffness, M. (Ed.). (1995). <em>Taxol: Science and applications<\/em>. CRC Press.<\/li>\n<li><em>Theophrastus, \u201cEnquiry into Plants\u201d<\/em>3.6.1, 3.10.2<\/li>\n<li>Uzquiano, P., Allu\u00e9, E., Antol\u00edn, F., Aurrecoechea, A., Badino, F., Bedidi, A., &#8230; &amp; Zapata, L. (2015). All about yew: On the trail of <em>Taxus baccata<\/em> in southwest Europe by means of integrated palaeobotanical and archaeobotanical studies. <em>Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 24<\/em>(1), 229\u2013247.<\/li>\n<li><em>Virgil, \u201cGeorgics\u201d, <\/em>2.109<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_accordion_tab][\/vc_accordion][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row unlock_row_content=&#8221;yes&#8221; row_height_percent=&#8221;0&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;100&#8243; equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; style=&#8221;inherited&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;877269&#8243; back_color_type=&#8221;uncode-solid&#8221; back_color_solid=&#8221;#ffeece&#8221; row_name=&#8221;epoxes&#8221;][vc_column column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; position_vertical=&#8221;middle&#8221; align_horizontal=&#8221;align_center&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;4&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_height=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;332089&#8243;][vc_custom_heading text_color=&#8221;color-jevc&#8221; text_font=&#8221;font-804447&#8243; text_size=&#8221;fontsize-922434&#8243; text_space=&#8221;fontspace-781688&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;521531&#8243; text_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;]During each season you will see:[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_gallery el_id=&#8221;gallery-2&#8243; type=&#8221;css_grid&#8221; medias=&#8221;88336,88338,88334,88342&#8243; explode_albums=&#8221;yes&#8221; screen_lg_items=&#8221;3&#8243; screen_lg_breakpoint=&#8221;1000&#8243; screen_md_items=&#8221;2&#8243; screen_md_breakpoint=&#8221;600&#8243; screen_sm_items=&#8221;2&#8243; screen_sm_breakpoint=&#8221;480&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; css_grid_v_align=&#8221;bottom&#8221; css_grid_equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; media_items=&#8221;media|lightbox|original,title,caption&#8221; css_grid_images_size=&#8221;nine-sixteen&#8221; single_back_color=&#8221;color-rgdb&#8221; single_overlay_color=&#8221;color-jevc&#8221; single_overlay_coloration=&#8221;bottom_gradient&#8221; single_overlay_blend=&#8221;multiply&#8221; single_overlay_opacity=&#8221;70&#8243; single_overlay_visible=&#8221;yes&#8221; single_overlay_anim=&#8221;no&#8221; single_text_visible=&#8221;yes&#8221; single_text_anim=&#8221;no&#8221; single_image_anim=&#8221;no&#8221; single_h_align=&#8221;center&#8221; single_v_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; single_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; single_title_dimension=&#8221;h4&#8243; single_border=&#8221;yes&#8221; single_css_animation=&#8221;alpha-anim&#8221; lbox_title=&#8221;yes&#8221; lbox_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; no_double_tap=&#8221;yes&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;152812&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_height_percent=&#8221;0&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; back_image=&#8221;88345&#8243; overlay_color=&#8221;color-125592&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;70&#8243; overlay_color_blend=&#8221;multiply&#8221; equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; style=&#8221;inherited&#8221; row_name=&#8221;texni&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;667734&#8243; overlay_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;][vc_column column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; position_vertical=&#8221;middle&#8221; align_horizontal=&#8221;align_center&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; column_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; style=&#8221;dark&#8221; overlay_alpha=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;4&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_height=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;129785&#8243;][vc_custom_heading text_color=&#8221;color-xsdn&#8221; text_font=&#8221;font-804447&#8243; text_size=&#8221;fontsize-922434&#8243; text_space=&#8221;fontspace-781688&#8243; sub_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;146210&#8243; text_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;]References in \u0391rt[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_column_text text_lead=&#8221;small&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;664994&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The yew tree holds a preeminent position in art and literature, serving as a multifaceted symbol of melancholy, eternity, and remembrance. It is frequently associated with the concept of mortality as well as the continuity of life, while its utilitarian value\u2014most notably in longbow construction\u2014has bolstered its symbolic resonance within epic works and historical narratives.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the visual arts, the yew has inspired iconic compositions, such as Vincent van Gogh\u2019s \u201cTrunk of an Old Yew Tree\u201d (1888) and Charles Rennie Mackintosh\u2019s \u201cA Yew Tree at Night\u201d (1913). Within the literary canon, spanning from the 14th to the 19th century, the tree features prominently in seminal works. Notable examples include Gruffudd Gryg\u2019s \u201cTo the Yew Tree Above Dafydd ap Gwilym&#8217;s Grave\u201d, Geoffrey Chaucer\u2019s \u201cDeath of Robin Hood\u201d, and Edmund Spenser\u2019s \u201cThe Faerie Queene\u201d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Furthermore, the yew is a recurring motif in the poetry of Robert Herrick (\u201cTo the Yew and Cypress to Grace His Funeral\u201d), Alfred Tennyson (\u201cOld Yew which Graspest the Stones\u201d), and William Wordsworth (\u201cYew-Trees\u201d). William Shakespeare employs the yew in \u201cTwelfth Night\u201d as a symbol of endurance and memory, whereas in \u201cMacbeth\u201d, it is transformed into an emblem of witchcraft, death, and malevolence. In modern literature, T. S. Eliot (\u201cFour Quartets\u201d) invokes the yew to represent spiritual dimensions and permanence, while a more recent significant reference is found in Sylvia Plath\u2019s 1961 poem, \u201cThe Moon and the Yew Tree\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_gallery el_id=&#8221;gallery-1&#8243; type=&#8221;carousel&#8221; medias=&#8221;88326,88328,88330&#8243; carousel_lg=&#8221;3&#8243; carousel_md=&#8221;3&#8243; carousel_sm=&#8221;1&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; media_items=&#8221;media|lightbox|original,caption&#8221; carousel_v_align=&#8221;middle&#8221; carousel_interval=&#8221;3000&#8243; carousel_navspeed=&#8221;400&#8243; carousel_nav=&#8221;yes&#8221; carousel_nav_mobile=&#8221;yes&#8221; carousel_nav_skin=&#8221;dark&#8221; stage_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; single_back_color=&#8221;color-rgdb&#8221; single_overlay_color=&#8221;color-jevc&#8221; single_overlay_coloration=&#8221;bottom_gradient&#8221; single_overlay_blend=&#8221;multiply&#8221; single_overlay_opacity=&#8221;70&#8243; single_overlay_visible=&#8221;yes&#8221; single_text_visible=&#8221;yes&#8221; single_image_anim=&#8221;no&#8221; single_h_align=&#8221;center&#8221; single_v_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; single_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; single_title_dimension=&#8221;h4&#8243; single_border=&#8221;yes&#8221; single_css_animation=&#8221;alpha-anim&#8221; lbox_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; no_double_tap=&#8221;yes&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;198993&#8243;][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row unlock_row_content=&#8221;yes&#8221; row_height_percent=&#8221;0&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;4&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; back_color=&#8221;color-xsdn&#8221; overlay_alpha=&#8221;100&#8243; equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;0&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; style=&#8221;inherited&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;779492&#8243; back_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221; row_name=&#8221;epoxes&#8221;][vc_column column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; position_vertical=&#8221;middle&#8221; align_horizontal=&#8221;align_center&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; column_padding=&#8221;0&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;4&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_width=&#8221;0&#8243; zoom_height=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;332089&#8243;][vc_custom_heading text_color=&#8221;color-jevc&#8221; text_font=&#8221;font-804447&#8243; text_size=&#8221;fontsize-922434&#8243; text_space=&#8221;fontspace-781688&#8243; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;722686&#8243; text_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221;]PHOTOS[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][vc_gallery 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single_h_align=&#8221;center&#8221; single_v_position=&#8221;bottom&#8221; single_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; single_title_dimension=&#8221;h4&#8243; single_border=&#8221;yes&#8221; single_css_animation=&#8221;alpha-anim&#8221; lbox_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; no_double_tap=&#8221;yes&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;738527&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row unlock_row_content=&#8221;yes&#8221; row_height_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;3&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;3&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;3&#8243; back_image=&#8221;88343&#8243; overlay_color=&#8221;color-742106&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;80&#8243; overlay_color_blend=&#8221;multiply&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; top_divider=&#8221;fan-opacity&#8221; bottom_divider=&#8221;gradient&#8221; changer_back_color=&#8221;yes&#8221; uncode_shortcode_id=&#8221;191533&#8243; overlay_color_type=&#8221;uncode-palette&#8221; [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":88344,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[101],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>European yew - \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u039a\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 - \u039c\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03a0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf \u0391.\u0395.<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/green-athens.gr\/en\/taxus-baccata\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta 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